Anatomy - Head and neck detail mindmap

Hip (Coxal) Bone, N474 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Hip and Thigh

Hip (Coxal) Bone, N474 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Hip and Thigh

Lateral View

• Ilium
• Iliac Crest
• Intermediate Zone
• Tuberculum
• Outer Lip
• Wing - Gluteal Surface
• Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
• Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
• Superior Acetabulum
• Gluteal Lines
• Posterior
• Anterior
• Inferior
• Posterior Superior Iliac Spines
• Posterior Inferior Iliac Spines
• Greater Sciatic Notch
• Ischium
• Ischial Spine
• Lesser Sciatic Notch
• Body of the Ischium
• Ischial Tuberosity
• Ramus of the Ischium
• (Obturator foramen posterior half)
• Pubis
• Superior Pubic Ramus
• Obturator Crest
• Inferior Pubic Ramus

Medial View

• Ilium
• Iliac Crest
• Intermediate Zone
• Inner Lip
• Iliac Tuberorsity
• Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
• Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
• Articular Surface for Sacrum
• Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
•  Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
• Wing of the Ilium - Iliac Fossa Surface
• Arcuate line
• Iliopubic Eminence
• Ischium
• 
  
• Pubis

10. Al-Jabbar
The Overpowering Lord
Whoever recites Ya Jabbaru will not be subjected to coercion, and will not be exposed to violence, severity or harshness.

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Lower Limb, N473 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Cutaneous Anatomy

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Lower Limb, N473 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Cutaneous Anatomy

What is the relationship between Fascia and Lymph Drainage?

Fascia

• Cribiform fascia with Saphenous Opening
• Fascia Lata
• Deep Fascia of the Leg - Crural Fascia

Lymph Nodes (always around the vein)

• Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes
• Horizontal Group
• Superolateral nodes
• Superomedial Nodes
• Vertical Group
• Inferior Nodes
• Popliteal Lymph Nodes
• Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes
• External Iliac Lymph Nodes  

Superficial Nerves and Veins of the Lower Limb: Posterior View, N472 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Cutaneous Anatomy

Superficial Nerves and Veins of the Lower Limb: Posterior View, N472 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Cutaneous Anatomy

• Nerves
• Clunial Nerves
• Medial Clunial Nerves - S1, S2, S3
• Lateral Clunial Nerves - L1, L2, L3
• Inferior Clunial Nerves - from posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
• Femoral Nerve
• Branches from the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
• Branches from the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
• Branches from the Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (Medially)
• Sapheneous Nerve
• Branches (Medial)
• Sural Cutaneous Nerve
• Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve - Common Fibular Nerve (Peroneal Nerve)
• Medial Sural Cutaneous Nerve - from Tibial Nerve
• Sural Nerve
• Lateral Calcaneal branches of Sural nerve 
• Lateral Dorsal Cutaneous Nerve
• Tibial Nerve
• Medial Calcaneal Branches of Tibial Nerve
• Plantar Cutaneous branches of
• Medial Plantar Nerve
• Lateral Plantar Nerve
• Veins
• Accessory Saphenous Vein
• Greater Saphenous Vein
• Small Saphenous Vein

Superficial Nerves and Veins of the Lower Limb: Anterior View, N471 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Cutaneous Anatomy

Superficial Nerves and Veins of the Lower Limb: Anterior View, N471 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Cutaneous Anatomy

• Nerves
• Subcostal Nerve
• Lateral cutaneous branch of the Subcostal Nerve
• Femoral Nerve
• Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
• Anterior Cutaneous Nerve
• Saphenous nerve
• Infrapatellar branch
• terminal branch with Saphenous vein
• Genitofemoral nerve to 
• femoral triangel
• Genital Branch
• Ilioinguinal nerve -  passes superficial to the inguinal ring
• Obturator Nerve
• Cutaneous branches (medial)
• Dorsal Digital nerves
• Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve
• Superficial fibular nerve (Peroneal Nerve)
• Medial dorsal cutaneous branch
• Intermediate dorsal cutaneous branch
• Lateral dorsal cutaneous branch
• Veins
• Femoral Vein
• Lateral femoral cutaneous vein
• Superficial Epigastric vein
• Superficial external pudendal vein
• Great Saphenous Vein
• Dorsal digital 
• Venous Arch
• Vein of the medial side of the great toe
• Small Sapheous Vein

• 

The vein is medial to the arterial pulse, for taking blood. The nerve is lateral to the artery, for femoral nerve blockade. The space in which the nerve runs extends up to the psoas and the lumbar plexus, and therefore particularly with hand pressure below the point of injection and larger volumes a considerable spread of block can be produced.

Lower Limb, N469 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Topographic Anatomy. Lower Limb, N470 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Cutaneous Anatomy

Lower Limb, N469 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Topographic Anatomy

Lower Limb, N470 Notes, Anatomy, Lower Limb, Cutaneous Anatomy

• Whats the difference between a Dermatome and an Autonomous Sensory zone
• With few exceptions, there is complete overlap between adjacent dermatomes. This means that the loss of a single nerve root rarely produces significant loss of skin sensitivity. The exception to this rule is found in small patches in the distal extremities, which have been termed "autonomous zones." In these regions single nerve roots supply distinct and non-overlapping areas of skin. By their nature the "autonomous zones" represent only a small portion of any dermatome and only a few nerve roots have such autonomous zones. For example, the C5 nerve root may be the sole supply to an area of the lateral arm and proximal part of the lateral forearm. The C6 nerve root may distinctly supply some skin of the thumb and index finger. Injuries to the C7 nerve root may decrease sensation over the middle and sometimes the index finger along with a restricted area on the dorsum of the hand. C8 nerve root lesions can produce similar symptoms over the small digit occasionally extending into the hypothenar area of the hand. In the lower limb, L4 nerve root damage may decrease sensation over the medial part of the leg, while L5 lesions affect sensation over part of the dorsum of the foot and great toe. S1 nerve root lesions typically decrease sensation on the lateral side of the foot.

Nerves of the Upper Limb, N467 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Nothing noteworthy here

Nerves of the Upper Limb, N467 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Radial Nerve in Arm and Nerves of Posterior Shoulder, N465 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

1. Dorsal scapular Nerve (Root C5)
1. Levator Scapulae
2. Rhomboid Minor Muscle
3. Rhomboid Major Muscle
2. Suprascapular Nerve (Root C5, C6)
1. Supraspinatus Muscle
2. Infraspinatus muscle
3. ? Articular Innervation of Glenoheumaral Joint
3. Lower Subscapular nerve
1. Subscapularis Muscle
2. Teres Major Muscle 
4. Axillary Nerve (Root C5, C6) - (middle trunk, posterior division, posterior cord)
1. Muscle
1. Deltoid Muscle
2. Teres Minor Muscle
3. Long Head of the Triceps Brachii
2. Sensory
1. Shoulder Joint
2. Superior Lateral Cutaneous Nerve
5. Radial Nerve (Roots C5,C6, C7, C8, T1) - Terminal Branch of the Posterior Cord of the Brachial Plexus
1. Course
1. Through the Triangular Space of the axilla
2. Triceps Brachii
1. After giving off branches to the long and medial heads of the triceps brachii, it enters a groove on the humerus, the radial sulcus, where it innervates the lateral head of the triceps.
3. Pierces the Lateral Intermuscular Septum and enters the anterior compartment of the arm
2. Motor
1. Muscular Branches
1. Triceps Brachii
2. Aconeous
3. Brachioradialis
4. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
2. Deep Branch of radial nerve
1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
2. Supinator
3. Posterior Interosseous Nerve
1. Extensor digitorum
2. Extensor digiti minimi
3. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
4. Abductor Pollicis Longus
5. Extensor pollicis Brevis
6. Extensor Pollicis longus
7. Extensor Indicis
3. Cutaneous Nerves
1. Inferior Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve
2. Posterior Brachial Cutaneous Nerve
3. Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
4. Superficial Branch Radial Nerve

Radial Nerve in Arm and Nerves of Posterior Shoulder, N465 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Ulnar Nerve, N464 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Innervates	flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum profundis lumbrical muscles opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi abductor digiti minimi interossei adductor pollicis
From	C8, T1 (branches off from Medial cord)

1. Roots of Ulnar Nerve (C8 to T1) of the Median Cord of the Brachial Plexus
2. Forearm - 
1. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and medial half of Flexor Digitorum Profundus
2. Branches
1. Muscular branches of the Ulnar Nerve
2. Palmar Branches of the Ulnar Nerve
3. Dorsal Branch of the Ulnar Nerve
3. Hand -
1. The Ulnar Nerve and Artery pass superficial to the flexor retinaculum, via the Ulnar Canal
2. Branches of the Ulnar Nerve in the Hand
1. Superficial branch
1. Palmaris Brevis
2. Deep branch
1. Hypothenar Muscles
1. Opponens Digiti Minimi
2. Abductor Digiti Minimi
3. ?Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis of the hand
2. The 3rd and 4th Lumbrical muscles
3. Dorsal Interossei
4. Palmar Interossei

Hypothenar Muscles:

1. Palmaris Brevis
2. Abductor Digiti Minimi
3. Flexor Digiti Minimi
4. Opponens Digiti Minimi

Ulnar Nerve, N464 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Median Nerve, N463 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Branches from the medial and lateral cords: median nerve (Roots C5, C6, C7, C8, & T1)

1. Is formed by heads from both the medial and lateral cords.
2. Runs down the anteromedial aspect of the arm but does not branch in the brachium. Continues down the arm to enter the forearm with the brachial artery.
3. The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel, where it may be compressed to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. 
4. Articular branch to the Elbow
5. Two branches in the forearm:
   • anterior interosseous branch 
   • courses with the anterior interosseous artery and 
   • innervates all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm except the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial (ulnar) half of flexor digitorum profundus. 
   • It ends with its innervation of pronator quadratus.
   • palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve arises at the distal part of the forearm. 
   • It supplies sensory innervation to the lateral aspect of the skin of the palm (but not the digits).

Arm - vascular sympathetic branches to the wall of the Brachial artery.

Forearm

• It innervates all of the flexors in the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and that part of flexor digitorum profundus that supplies the medial two digits. The latter two muscles are supplied by the ulnar nerve (specifically the Muscular branches of ulnar nerve).
• The main portion of the median nerve supplies the following muscles:

1. Superficial group:

1. Pronator teres
2. Flexor carpi radialis
3. Palmaris longus

1. Intermediate group:

• Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

1. The anterior interosseus branch of the median nerve supplies the following muscles:

Deep group:

• Flexor digitorum profundus (only the lateral half)
• Flexor pollicis longus
• Pronator quadratus

[edit]Hand

1. motor innervation to the 1st and 2nd lumbrical muscles. 
2. muscles of the thenar eminence by a recurrent thenar branch. The rest of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are supplied by the ulnar nerve.

The median nerve innervates the skin of the palmar side of the thumb, the index and middle finger, half the ring finger, and the nail bed of these fingers. The lateral part of the palm is supplied by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, which leaves the nerve proximal to the wrist creases. This palmar cutaneous branch travels in a separate fascial groove adjacent to the flexor carpi radialis and then superficial to the flexor retinaculum. It is therefore spared in carpal tunnel syndrome.

The muscles of the hand supplied by the median nerve can be remembered using the mnemonic, "LOAF" for 

1. Lumbricals 1 & 2, 
2. Opponens pollicis, 
3. Abductor pollicis brevis and 
4. Flexor pollicis brevis. Superficial Head only - Deep Head supplied by the Ulnar Nerve

Median Nerve, N463 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Musculocutaneous Nerve, N462 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7)

1. Pierces the coracobrachialis muscle, descends between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, and innervates these three muscles.
2. From the Lateral Cord of the Brachial Plexus
3. Articular Branch 
4. The Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve has an Anterior and Posterior Branch

Musculocutaneous Nerve, N462 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Musculocutaneous Nerve, N462 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7)

1. Pierces the coracobrachialis muscle, descends between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, and innervates these three muscles.
2. From the Lateral Cord of the Brachial Plexus
3. Articular Branch 
4. The Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve has an Anterior and Posterior Branch

Musculocutaneous Nerve, N462 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Arteries and Nerves of Upper Arm, N461 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Arteries and Nerves of Upper Arm, N461 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature:

1. Arteries and anastomosis are not labeled
2. Ulnar Nerve, Medial and Radial Nerves
3. Musculocutaneous Nerve
4. Intercostobrachial Nerve
5. Muscles
1. Pronator Teres has a Ulnar Head and a Humeral Head
2. The Brachial Artery Splits into Radial and Ulnar Branch on the Tendon of Biceps Brachii
3. The Supinator Muscle separates the Radial Nerves Superficial and Deep Branches
4. Neurovascular bundle is exposed after cutting flexor digitorum superficialis muscles, and lies on the Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Nerves of the left upper extremity. (Ulnar labeled at center left.)
Latin	nervus ulnaris
Gray's	subject #210 943
Innervates	flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum profundis lumbrical muscles opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi abductor digiti minimi interossei adductor pollicis
From	C8, T1 (branches off from Medial cord)
MeSH	Ulnar+nerve

Cutaneous Innervation of the Wrist and Hand, N460 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature

Cutaneous Innervation of the Wrist and Hand, N460 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Neurovasculature:

1. There are 4 Nerves to the hand not 3
1. Musculocutaneous
1. Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
2. Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
2. Ulnar Nerve
1. Palmar Branch
2. Palmar Digital Branch
3. Dorsal Branch and 
3. Median Nerve
1. Palmar Branch
2. Palmar Digital Branch
4. Radial
1. Superficial Branch
2. Dorsal Digital Branches (Prox 2/3)
3. Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Fingers, N459 Notes, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand

Sagittal Section Finger:

1. Synovial and fibrous sheath for the flexor tendons
2. Articulate cartilage and articular cavity
3. Extensor mechanism consists of the Lateral Band and the Central Tendon
4. Synovial membrane over the joint (not the synovial Sheath for the flexor tendons)

Cross Section through distal phalynx

1. I can see 9 fine nerves - how many can you see?
2. Fine tissue and AREOLAR TISSUE in anterior enclosed space

Arteries and Nerves

1. Dorsal digital artery and Nerve - Proximal 2/3
2. Palmar digital artery and nerve with nutrient branch to epiphysis and metaphysis
3. Dorsal branches of palmar digital arteries and nerves to dorsum of middle and terminal palanges Distal 1/3

Location of Areolar Tissue, 

also referred to as "loose connective tissue".

It may be found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body. It surrounds blood vessels and nerves and penetrates with them even into the small spaces of muscles, tendons, and other tissues. It may likewise be present in the mediastinal extremities. Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes in times of need. Because the abundance of open, fluid-filled space, leukocytes can move about freely in areolar tissue and can easily find and destroy pathogens.

The areolar tissue is found beneath the dermis layer and is also underneath the epithelial tissue of all the body systems that have external openings.

It is also a component of the lamina propria of the digestive and respiratory tracts, the mucous membranes of reproductiveand urinary systems, the stroma of glands, and the hypodermis of the skin.

Extensor Tendon at Wrist, N458, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand

6 Compartment

1. Compartment 1:
1. Extensor Pollicis Brevis
2. Abductor Pollicis Longus
2. Compartment 2
1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
3. Compartment 3
1. Extensor Pollicis Longus
4. Compartment 4
1. Extensor Indicis
2. Extensor Digitorum 
5. Compartment 5
1. Extensor Digiti minimi
6. Compartment 6
1. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Dorsal Interosseous Muscles

Intertendinous connections

Transverse Fibers of Extensor Expansions (Hoods)

Wrist and Hand: Deep Dorsal Dissection, N457, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand

Wrist and Hand: Deep Dorsal Dissection, N457, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand

1. Nerves
1. Superficial branch of radial nerve
1. Dorsal Digital Branches of Superficial Branch of Radial nerve to 1st, 2nd, 3rd and Radial half of the 4th fingers
2. Dorsal Branch of Ulnar Nerve
1. Dorsal Digital Branches of dorsal Branch of Ulnar Nerve
3. Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
1. Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
2. Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
3. Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve 
4. Dorsal branches of Palmar digital branches of Ulnar Nerve and Palmar Digital arteries to dorsum of middle and distal phalanges of 5th and Ulnar half of 4th fingers
5. Dorsal branches of Palmar digital branches of Median Nerve and Palmar Digital arteries to dorsum of middle and distal phalanges of 2nd, 3rd and Radial half of 4th fingers
2. Extensor Retinaculum
3. Thumb
1. Abductor Pollicis Longus
2. Extensor Pollicis Longus and 
3. Extensor Pollicis Brevis
4. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon
5. Extensor Carpi Radialis
1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Tendon
2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Tendon

Wrist and Hand: Superficial Dorsal Dissection, N456, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand

Wrist and Hand: Superficial Dorsal Dissection, N456, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand:
Posterior (Dorsal) View
Nerves:

1. Superficial branch of radial nerve
2. Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve
3. Dorsal branch of the Ulna Nerve
4. Dorsal digital nerves and veing

Communicating branches between the radial and the Ulna Nerves

Vessels

1. Cephalic Vein
2. Basilic Vein

Wrist and Hand: Superficial Radial Dissection, N455, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand

Wrist and Hand: Superficial Radial Dissection, N455, Anatomy, Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand

Lateral (Radial) View

Nerves:

1. Superficial branch of the Radial Nerve with its medial and lateral branches 
1. Lateral branches to the Lateral Thumb
2. Medial branch to the medical aspect of the thumb - Dorsal Digital branches of the radial nerve

Muscles and tendons

1. Abductor Pollicis longus tendon
2. Insertion of extensor Pollicis Brevius Tendon
3. Insertion of extensor pollicis Longus tendon
1. 1st Dorsal Interosseous Muscle
2. Extensor Carpi Radialis longus tendon
3. Extensor Carpi radialis Brevis tendon

Arteries

1. Radial Artery in the Anatomical Snuffbox with its dorsal carpal branch

Anatomical Snuffbox:

• Radial Nerve (dorsal digital branch)
• Cephalic Vein branches
• Radial Artery and branches
• Scaphoid  bone

Anatomical snuff box
anatomical snuff box
The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the back of the wrist. (Anatomical snuff box not labeled, but visible at right.)
Artery	radial artery
Vein	cephalic vein
Nerve	radial nerve

Pathology

The radius and scaphoid articulate deep to the snuffbox to form the basis of the wrist joint. In the event of a fall onto an outstretched hand, this is the area through which the brunt of the force will focus. This results in these two bones being the most often fractured of the wrist. In a case where there is localized tenderness within the snuffbox, knowledge of wrist anatomy leads to the speedy conclusion that the fracture is likely to be of the scaphoid. This is understandable as the scaphoid is a small, oddly shaped bone whose purpose is to facilitate mobility rather than confer stability to the wrist joint. In the event of inordinate application of force over the wrist, this small scaphoid is clearly likely to be the weak link. Interestingly, scaphoid fracture is one of the most frequent causes of medico-legal issues.

Anatomical peculiarity

An interesting anatomical anomaly in the vascular supply to the scaphoid is the area to which the blood supply is first delivered. Blood enters the scaphoid distally. Consequently, in the event of a fracture the proximal segment of the scaphoid will be devoid of a vascular supply, and will—if action is not taken—avascularly necrose within a sufferer's snuffbox. Due to the small size of the scaphoid and its shape, it is difficult to determine, early on, whether or not the scaphoid is indeed fractured with an x-ray. Further complications include; carpal instability (ligament disruption) and fracture-dislocations.